Digital Era Governance in the context of NPM

Digital Era Governance

This emerged towards the late 20^th century and the early 21^st century in the developed countries. Soon after, it also spread to the developing countries while rejecting the NPM. NPM is based on certain characteristics like disaggregation, customer orientation, marketization etc. The overall emphasis has been to surrender more and more activities to the non-state agencies. It also emphasizes on customer orientation and the agencies to be responsible towards the individuals who pay for the goods and services and thereby, enter into a contractual obligation. It also emphasizes on the use of more and more market style function in the public sector. NPM faced some very serious limitations during the early 21^st Century especially in the areas of security, R&D, impact of globalization, IT etc. The responsibilities of the state increased. This notion of the state which has emerged while rejecting the NPM has come to be known as Digital Era Governance and is based on integration, need-based holism, digitalization etc.